B. D. H.
Grammar Lesson: I. ↔ III.
Grammar Lesson: I. ↔ III.
Salve(te)!
In Latin, we use salve to greet someone. When you want to say hello to more than one person, you use salvete.
Ave and avete are more formal greetings.
Ave and avete are more formal greetings.
Vocative
Let's have a look at the following sentence.
Salvete, Stephane et Marce!
Stephanus and Marcus are being addressed in this case; you are saying "salvete" to Stephanus and Marcus. Most* masculine words ending in -us (2nd declension) will get the ending -e in this situation. Names ending in -a don't change. (Salve, Livia!)
This is the vocative case, used for people being addressed.
Salvete, Stephane et Marce!
Stephanus and Marcus are being addressed in this case; you are saying "salvete" to Stephanus and Marcus. Most* masculine words ending in -us (2nd declension) will get the ending -e in this situation. Names ending in -a don't change. (Salve, Livia!)
This is the vocative case, used for people being addressed.
- *Words ending in -ius, however, change to -i (not -e)
Nomen mihi est
This is the most common way to say "my name is". For now, we will not
go too deep into the grammar of this construction, but it is a useful
phrase to know. Remember that Latin has no strict word order.
| Latin | English |
|---|---|
| Nomen mihi est Marcus. | My name is Marcus. |
| Tibi nomen est Livia. | Your name is Livia. |
| Nomen ei Lucius est. | His name is Lucius. |
| Nomen ei est Lesbia. | Her name is Lesbia. |
How are you?
You will learn two ways to ask how someone is doing in this skill.
1) Quid + ago? -> Quid agis?
Literally, this means "What are you doing?"
2) Quomodo + se + habeo? -> Quomodo te habes?
Literally, this means "How do you have yourself/How do you feel?"
Se is the reflexive pronoun. (-self in English)
1) Quid + ago? -> Quid agis?
Literally, this means "What are you doing?"
| Subject | Verb |
|---|---|
| ego | ago |
| tu | agis |
| is, ea | agit |
Literally, this means "How do you have yourself/How do you feel?"
| Subject | Verb |
|---|---|
| ego | habeo |
| tu | habes |
| is, ea | habet |
| Subject Pronoun | Reflexive Pronoun | English |
|---|---|---|
| ego | me | myself |
| tu | te | yourself |
| is, ea | se | himself/herself |
Adverbs
Bene (well) and male (badly) are
adverbs. Adverbs are words that give more information about verbs,
adjectives, or other adverbs. In English these forms usually get -ly
added, while in Latin adverbs of 1st and 2nd declension adjectives end
in -e.
- Bene dormio. - I sleep well. (and not "I sleep good.")
-ne
You stick the suffix -ne to the first word of a sentence to indicate
that it is a yes/no question. The -ne is not mandatory and can be
omitted.
| Latin | English | Potential answers |
|---|---|---|
| Estne Roma in Italia? | Is Rome in Italy? | (Yes, it is./No, it is not.) |
| Roma in Italia est? | Is Rome in Italy? | (Yes, it is./No, it is not.) |
First conjugation (-are)
Habitare/habito (to live somewhere, to reside) is a verb that follows the first conjugation. You can recognize these verbs by the -a- in the verb stem. (The -a- merges with the -o for the first person singular.)
| Subject | Habitare | Amare (to love) | Stare (to stand) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ego | habito | amo | sto | |
| tu | habitas | amas | stas | |
| is, ea | habitat | ama t | stat |
New Vocabulary
| Latin | English | Additional Info |
|---|---|---|
| nomen | name | 3rd, neut. |
| Italia | Italy | 1st, fem. |
| Roma | Rome | 1st, fem. |
| Romae | in Rome | |
| habito | I live, I reside | (habitare, 1st conj.) |
| me habeo | I feel, I am doing (well/poorly/...) | (se habere, 2nd conj.) |
| ago | I do, I act | (agere, 3rd conj.) |
| salve(te) | hello | |
| quid | what | |
| quomodo | how | |
| ubi | where | |
| bene | well | |
| male | badly, poorly | |
| ita | yes, so | |
| minime | no, not at all |
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